NPA
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ㄅ |
ㄔ |
ㄘ |
ㄉ |
ㄈ |
ㄍ |
ㄏ |
ㄐ |
ㄎ |
ㄌ |
ㄇ |
ㄋ |
ㄆ |
ㄑ |
ㄖ |
ㄕ |
ㄙ |
ㄊ |
ㄒ |
ㄓ |
ㄗ |
(Pinyin + Vowels) |
Pinyin |
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bo |
chi |
ci |
de |
fo |
ge |
he |
ji |
ke |
le |
mɔ |
ne |
pɔ |
qi |
ri |
shi |
si |
te |
xi |
zhi |
zi |
Consonant sound of the NPA symbol |
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IPA
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NPA symbols pronounced in isolation |
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bɔ |
ʈʂʰɨ |
tsʰɯ |
tʌ |
fɔ
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gʌ |
xʌ |
tɕi |
kʰʌ |
lʌ |
mɔ |
nʌ |
pʰɔ |
tɕʰi |
ʐɨ |
ʂɨ |
sɨ̩ |
tʰʌ |
ɕi |
ʈʂɨ |
tsɨ̩ |
ㄚ |
a |
ɑ |
bɑ |
tʂʰɑ |
tsʰɑ |
dtɑ |
fɑ |
gɑ |
xɑ |
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kʰɑ |
lɑ |
mɑ |
nɑ |
pʰɑ |
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ʂɑ |
sɑ |
tʰɑ |
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tʂɑ |
tsɑ |
ㄞ |
ai |
ai |
bai |
tʂʰai |
tsʰai |
tai |
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gai |
xai |
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kʰai |
lai |
mai |
nai |
pʰai |
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ʂai |
sai |
tʰai |
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tʂai |
tsai |
ㄢ |
an |
ɐn |
bɐn |
tʂʰɐn |
tsʰɐn |
tɐn |
fɐn |
gɐn |
xɐn |
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kʰɐn |
lɐn |
mɐn |
nɐn |
pʰɐn |
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ʐɐn |
ʂɐn |
sɐn |
tʰɐn |
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tʂɐn |
tsɐn |
ㄤ |
ang |
ɑŋ ̯ |
bɑŋ |
tʂʰɑŋ |
tsʰɑŋ |
tɑŋ |
fɑŋ |
gɑŋ |
xɑŋ |
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kʰɑŋ |
lɑŋ |
mɑŋ |
nɑŋ |
pʰɑŋ |
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ʐɑŋ |
ʂɑŋ |
sɑŋ |
tʰɑŋ |
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tʂɑŋ |
tsɑŋ |
ㄠ |
ao |
ɑʊ ̯ |
bɑʊ |
tʂʰɑʊ |
tsʰɑʊ |
tɑʊ |
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gɑʊ |
xɑʊ |
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kʰɑʊ |
lɑʊ |
mɑʊ |
nɑʊ |
pʰɑʊ |
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ʐɑʊ |
ʂɑʊ |
sɑʊ |
tʰɑʊ |
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tʂɑʊ |
tsɑʊ |
ㄜ |
e |
ʌ |
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tʂʰʌ |
tsʰʌ |
tʌ |
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gʌ |
xʌ |
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kʰʌ |
lʌ |
mʌ |
nʌ |
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ʐʌ |
ʂʌ |
sʌ
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tʰʌ |
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tʂʌ |
tsʌ |
ㄝ |
ê |
ε |
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nε |
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ㄟ |
ei |
ei |
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tei |
fei |
gei |
xei |
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kʰei |
lei |
mei |
nei |
pʰei |
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ʂei |
sei |
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tʂei |
tsei |
ㄣ |
en |
ən |
bən |
tʂʰən |
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tən |
fən |
gən |
xən |
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kʰən |
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mən |
nən |
pʰən |
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ʐən |
ʂən |
sən |
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tʂən |
tsən |
ㄥ |
eng |
əŋ |
bəŋ |
tʂʰəŋ |
tsʰəŋ |
təŋ |
fəŋ |
gəŋ |
xəŋ |
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kʰəŋ |
ləŋ |
məŋ |
nəŋ |
pʰəŋ |
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ʐəŋ |
ʂəŋ |
səŋ |
tʰəŋ |
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tʂəŋ |
tsəŋ |
ㄦ |
-er |
ɚ ɑɻ |
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ㄛ |
o |
ɔ |
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tsʰɔ |
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fɔ |
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lɔ |
mɔ |
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pʰɔ |
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ㄡ |
-ou |
ou |
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tʂʰou |
tsʰou |
tou |
fou |
gou |
xou |
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kʰou |
lou |
mou |
nou |
pʰou |
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ʐou |
ʂou |
sou |
tʰou |
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tʂou |
tsou |
ㄧ |
yi |
i |
bi |
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ti |
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li |
mi |
ni |
pʰi |
tɕʰi |
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tʰi |
ɕi |
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ㄧ ㄚ | Ya | ja | |||||||||||||||||||||
ㄧㄚ |
ya |
ia |
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lia |
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nia |
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tɕʰia |
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ɕia |
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ㄧㄢ |
Yan |
jɛn |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄧㄢ |
-ian |
iɛn |
biɛn |
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tiɛn |
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liɛn |
miɛn |
niɛn |
pʰiɛn |
tɕʰiɛn |
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tʰiɛn |
ɕiɛn |
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ㄧㄤ |
Yang |
jaŋ |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄧㄤ |
-iang |
iaŋ [i̯ɑŋ] |
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tiaŋ |
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liaŋ |
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niaŋ |
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tɕʰiaŋ |
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ɕiaŋ |
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ㄧㄠ |
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jɑu |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄧㄠ |
-iao |
iau [i̯ɑʊ̯]̯ |
biau |
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tiau |
fiau |
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liau |
miau |
niau |
pʰiau |
tɕʰiau |
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tʰiau |
ɕiau |
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ㄧㄝ |
Ye |
jɛ |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄧㄝ |
-ie |
iɛ |
biɛ |
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tiɛ |
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liɛ |
miɛ |
niɛ |
pʰiɛ |
tɕʰiɛ |
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tʰiɛ |
ɕiɛ |
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ㄧㄣ |
yin |
ɪn |
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lɪn |
mɪn |
nɪn |
pʰɪn |
tɕʰin |
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ɕɪn |
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ㄧㄥ |
ying |
ɪŋ |
bɪŋ |
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tɪŋ |
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lɪŋ |
mɪŋ |
nɪŋ |
pʰɪŋ |
tɕʰɪŋ |
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tʰɪŋ |
ɕɪŋ |
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ㄧㄡ |
You |
jɔu |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄧㄡ |
-iu |
iou | iu |
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tiu |
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liou |
miou |
niou |
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tɕʰiou |
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ɕiou |
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ㄨㄚ |
Wa |
wɑ |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄨㄚ |
-ua |
uɑ |
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tʂʰuɑ |
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guɑ |
xuɑ |
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kʰuɑ |
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ʂuɑ |
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tʂuɑ |
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ㄨㄥ (翁) |
Weng |
wʌŋ |uəŋ |
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ㄨㄥ (東) |
-ong |
ʊŋ |
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tʂʰʊŋ |
tsʰʊŋ |
tʊŋ |
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gʊŋ |
xʊŋ |
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kʰʊŋ |
lʊŋ |
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nʊŋ |
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ʂʊŋ |
sʊŋ |
tʰʊŋ |
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tʂʊŋ |
tsʊŋ |
ㄨ |
Wu |
wu |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄨ |
-u |
u |
bu |
tʂʰu |
tsʰu |
tu |
fu |
gu |
xu |
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kʰu |
lu |
mu |
nu |
pʰu |
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ʐu |
ʂu |
su |
tʰu |
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tʂu |
tsu |
ㄨㄞ |
Wai |
wai |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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ㄨㄞ |
-uai |
uai |
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tʂʰuai |
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guai |
xuai |
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kʰuai |
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ʂuai |
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tʂuai |
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ㄨㄢ |
Wan |
wan |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄨㄢ |
-uan |
uan |
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tʂʰuan |
tsʰuan |
tuan |
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guan |
xuan |
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kʰuan |
luan |
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nuan |
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ʐuan |
ʂuan |
suan |
tʰuan |
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tʂuan |
tsuan |
ㄨㄤ |
Wang |
waŋ |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄨㄤ |
-uang |
uɑŋ |
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tʂʰuɑŋ |
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guɑŋ |
xuɑŋ |
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kʰuɑŋ |
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ʂuɑŋ |
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tʂuɑŋ |
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ㄨㄟ |
Wei |
wei |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄨㄟ |
-u(e)i |
uei |
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tʂʰuei |
tsʰuei |
tuei |
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guei |
xuei |
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kʰuei |
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ʐuei |
ʂuei |
suei |
tʰuei |
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tʂuei |
tsuei |
ㄨㄣ |
Wen |
wən |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄨㄣ |
-un |
ʊn | uən |
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tʂʰʊn |
tsʰʊn |
tʊn |
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gʊn |
xʊn |
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kʰʊn |
lʊn |
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nʊn |
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ʐʊn |
ʂʊn |
sʊn |
tʰʊn |
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tʂʊn |
tsʊn |
ㄨㄛ |
Wo |
wɔ |
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ㄨㄛ |
-uo |
uɔ |
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tʂʰuɔ |
tsʰuɔ |
tuɔ |
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guɔ |
xuɔ |
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kʰuɔ |
luɔ |
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nuɔ |
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ʐuɔ |
ʂuɔ |
suɔ |
tʰuɔ |
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tʂuɔ |
tsuɔ
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ㄩㄥ |
Yong |
jʊŋ |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄩㄥ |
-iong |
iʊŋ |
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tɕʰiʊŋ |
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ɕiʊŋ |
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ㄩ |
yu |
y |
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ly |
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ny |
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tɕʰy |
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ɕy |
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ㄩㄢ |
Yuan |
ɥan | ɥɛn |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄩㄢ |
-uan |
yan | yɛn |
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lyɛn |
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tɕʰyɛn |
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ɕyɛn |
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ㄩㄝ |
Yue |
ɥɛ |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄩㄝ |
-ue |
yɛ |
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lyɛ |
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nyɛ |
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tɕʰyɛ |
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ɕyɛ |
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ㄩㄣ |
Yun |
ɥn |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
ㄩㄣ |
-un |
yn |
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lyn |
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tɕʰyn |
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ɕyn |
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The symbols "ɹ" and "ʐ"are alternative ways of recording the same basic sound, a retroflex (i.e., one made by curling the tongue far back in the mouth). Only ʐ is used here. Capitalized pinyin spellings indicate the sound as pronounced when there is no preceding consonant. (In some cases words beginning with vowel letters are consonantized.) Underlined letters such as "g" are voiceless. In proper IPA symbols they would be written with a small circle below (or above in the case of "g").
Vowels have been added to the pinyin romanizations in the second row because the NPA symbols for consonants are read with following vowel sounds (just as "B" in English is read as "bee"). The recordings for this row are readings of the NPA symbols, i.e., they supply the appropriate vowels.
The "consonantized" vowel sounds (e.g., the capitalized pinyin vs. the uncapitalized pinyin, Yong is "consonantized," but "-iong" is not) are made with a very tight constriction of the air path at the start of the syllable. In English it would be the difference between "Yip" and "ip," "Woo" and "ooh," etc. Speakers of some regions of China do not consonantize some initial vowels that others would consonantize. For instance, most speakers read 烏龍茶 as "woo loong chah," but others would read it as "oo loong chah." The National Phonetic Alphabet would write both pronunciations as "ㄨ ㄌㄨㄥ ㄔㄚ" because for the sake of simplicity it does not distinguish between the two.
The symbol "ɥ" represents a labio-palatal approximant, i.e., the consonantized "u" sound in the word for moon, 月 yuè. It is made by strongly pursing the lips at the beginning of the word.
The symbol "w" represents a voiced labiovelar approximant, and has the same value as the normal case in English. "Woops" is different from "oops."
Examples of words commonly mispronounced:
"Shih Tzu" (Wade-Giles romanization) is ʂɨ ts̩ (Click to hear this word.)
"Beijing" (Pinyin romanization) is
Good IPA sound clips are available on-line. The second speaker comes closer to the Chinese sounds.